Dysgraphia

• Difficulty with writing

Dyspraxia (Sensory Integration Disorder)

• Difficulty with fine motor skills

Dysphasia/Aphasia

• Difficulty with language

Auditory Processing Disorder

• Difficulty hearing differences between sounds

Visual Processing Disorder

• Difficulty interpreting visual information

A child who shows significant language delays or difficulties may be considered at risk.
Children who have had early onset learning issues, i.e. chronic ear infections, may be at risk.
Children who struggle with rhyming, are slow to learn the connection between letters and sounds, unable to recall the right word, slow to add new vocabulary words, unable to follow multi-step directions are at risk. In order to have reading success these prerequisites must be in place. If children who are struggling with reading get effective phonological training in kindergarten and first grade, they will have significantly fewer problems learning to read at grade levels than do children who are not indentified or helped until third grade.

Very important to remember that no one ever grows out of a learning disability but if given the appropriate tools, will be successful, giving the appearance of “growing out” of it.
The tools necessary require direct instructions. It cannot be assumed that the child will pick them up incidentally; otherwise he would have already.

Fractured programs that are not integrated through the curriculum or school day.
The intensity of the program is not there

“We use a little bit of this and a little bit of that”.
“It’s Orton-like”.
“He has Wilson Reading 1/2 hour a day” are common scenarios.

The programs were not designed to match the learner. Testing should drive the IEP which should drive the PROGRAM. Instead the child gets what the school has as far as program no matter what the need is.

Students are wedded so much to the print and decoding the word that no more energy is left to make the picture. These students need strategies not only to improve word attack but reading fluency. Until they develop a reading rhythm or prosody they will be unable to make “the picture.”
Students with weak receptive and / or expressive language skills have very vague pictures and need to be taught how to make a more vivid movie – how to “visualize”.

Most spelling lists are based on rote visual memory. With enough practice the student can hold on to the image similar to a crash course of study but that image is only held in memory for the short term. A child cannot spell better than he reads; reading and spelling should be linked. The more meaningful and connected you can make the image, the greater chance of retention.

Visual memory weakness – the word is not sticking. A traditional learner would need to see the word at least 12 times for it to be a part of their automatic response.
The struggling reader needs to be exposed to the word as many times as possible. There needs to be automaticity and fluency in order for the word to become a part of the child’s lexicon.